For about $300 you can get an Sennheiser MD421 II new, it is a first choice on guitar cabinets, and a mighty fine choice for a lot of vocals. If you don't like it for like $80 new you can get an SM57 which works surprisingly well on vocals and is a staple on guitar amps. If you look around used you could get a better price if that is important to you.
Dynamic mics are inherently low self noise (or would that be "no" self noice???), need no phantom power, but are picky about mic preamp impedance. Very few people will ever stop using these mics, and when they do it is usually with a mic that is at least double your budget.
If you go for a bit more money (quite a bit for my budget) you can get an RE 20 which is great on a lot of voices and also a nice mic for guitar amps.
Also, you could buy a 57 and save a bit towards a Sure SM7b which isn't as costly as an RE20 but works on most singers nicely then you've got two very useful mics that will serve you a long time.
The thing about vocal mics is that no mic works on every voice, some are more versatile in that way than others, but when you find the perfect mic for you voice or the voice you'll be recording most often you will reach a sort of state of nirvana. Sometimes that mic won't do a lot of other things-- like a Blueberry which is a wonderful mic a a lot of male voices and after that you sort of have to pick your spots with it.
At your budget the first thing that pops into my head is the MD 421, it works on voice, guitar, kick, snare, toms, voice over and broadcast, I've not put it infront of a bass amp yet but I'd be surprised if it don't work their.